{"id":18620,"date":"2026-01-08T17:22:29","date_gmt":"2026-01-08T16:22:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/interacting-with-ai-to-rediscover-the-value-of-incompleteness\/"},"modified":"2026-02-06T11:46:53","modified_gmt":"2026-02-06T10:46:53","slug":"interacting-with-ai-to-rediscover-the-value-of-incompleteness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/en\/interacting-with-ai-to-rediscover-the-value-of-incompleteness\/","title":{"rendered":"Interacting with AI to (Re)Discover the Value of Incompleteness"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>How might the way we interact with digital machines change following the spread of generative artificial intelligence systems? <\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>We asked Federico Cabitza, associate professor of human\u2013computer interaction and decision support systems at the University of Milan\u2013Bicocca. In 2021, he published a book on the subject with Luciano Floridi \u2013 Intelligenza artificiale. L\u2019uso delle nuove macchine (Artificial Intelligence: The Use of New Machines) (Bompiani) \u2013 and has authored numerous scientific papers (more than 200 to date). This body of work has placed him consistently among the world\u2019s top 2 percent of artificial intelligence researchers, according to the annual ranking published by Stanford University. <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>You describe yourself as an interactionist \u2013 someone who studies how human and AI agency enter into a relationship with one another. It is a compelling shift in perspective, because we believe the mainstream narrative around generative AI has focused too heavily on \u201coutputs\u201d and benchmarks, and not enough on the new forms of connection that can emerge with this new colleague. In that respect, what positive human-AI relationships are you observing?  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>I describe myself as an interactionist because I do not think that the real discontinuity introduced by generative AI technologies lies in their ability \u2013 extraordinary as it is \u2013 to generate texts, images, or more-or-less accurate decisions. What is changing, and what I am interested in observing, is the nature of the relationship that takes shape between humans and machines \u2013 or, more precisely, between people and intelligent digital systems. We are working with something that no longer merely executes, but that appears to \u201cunderstand\u201d us, at least at a superficial level, and that responds not only to our questions but also to our attitudes and, I would say, even our intentions.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Some of the most promising interactions I have observed occur when AI is not experienced as a tool, but as an interlocutor. A doctor who asks a system, \u201cWhy did you propose this diagnosis?\u201d, or a teacher who explores with the AI different ways of explaining a concept to students with different characteristics. In those moments, it is not merely a matter of use, but rather of dialogue, and therefore of comparison, and of a certain degree of mutual alignment and learning.  <\/p>\n\n<p>This approach strongly recalls the work of Clifford Nass and Byron Reeves in the 1990s, who already showed that we tend to treat computers as if they were people \u2013 attributing intentions, mental states, and even emotions to them. Today, with generative AI, that dynamic intensifies. It is not merely a cognitive error: it can become an opportunity to build new kinds of relationships \u2013 perhaps more reflective and even more human.  <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/3_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza-1024x449.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/3_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza-1024x449.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/3_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza-300x131.png 300w, https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/3_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza-768x337.png 768w, https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/3_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza.png 1335w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p><strong>Another interesting point is that there is no single strategy when it comes to \u201creliance\u201d on AI. What matters is adaptation to context. On this basis, you have developed five interaction protocols\u2026<br\/>  <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Yes, by reliance I mean the way we entrust tasks, judgments, or forms of support to AI systems. Relying on AI is not a single, uniform act. There is no one \u201ccorrect\u201d strategy, but rather different modes of engagement and interaction that we can activate depending on the task, the context, and the state of mind we are in. <\/p>\n\n<p>I have identified at least five modes, which I call \u201cinteraction protocols.\u201d The first is an exploratory one \u2013 when I use AI to generate ideas, stimuli, or alternatives. It is a form of distributed ideation, useful when the problem is not yet well defined.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Then there is a verificatory protocol. Here the AI\u2019s role is closer to that of a reviewer or a more experienced colleague \u2013 a kind of mentor. I ask it for confirmations, counterexamples, or to challenge my hypotheses. <\/p>\n\n<p>A delegative approach is when I rely on AI for repetitive or technical tasks, entrusting it with execution and detail while retaining control over output quality \u2013 accountability for which ultimately remains with us.<\/p>\n\n<p>Then, there is an interrogative protocol, in which the AI becomes an object of questioning rather than merely a source of answers. I ask it for explanations, lines of reasoning, alternatives, and prompts for reflection. <\/p>\n\n<p>And finally there is the dialogic protocol, which is the most sophisticated. Human and AI move forward together, each contributing to shaping the direction. It more closely resembles an interaction between colleagues, in which growth happens jointly.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Ultimately, this range of stances echoes the reflections of Thomas W. Malone on the future of hybrid work. At the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, he has explored how groups composed of humans and AI can collaborate in new ways, where not only expertise matters, but also how coordination, negotiation, and co-evolution take place. <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>You argue that watching an AI become \u201cbetter than us\u201d can be demotivating. This is a particularly urgent issue, given that many research institutes report that engagement in the workplace is already very low. In what ways, then, can human-AI interaction become engaging \u2013 and even enjoyable?  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>One of the greatest risks I see \u2013 and one that concerns me deeply \u2013 is that comparing ourselves with a \u201cbetter\u201d AI may generate frustration or resignation. For this reason, I strongly oppose the narrative that constantly pits us against machines and deliberately places them in competition with us in every domain. We often come out badly from these comparisons, which are frequently artificial. So if a machine writes better, decides faster, remembers everything\u2026 what is left for me to do? Do you really need me at all?    <\/p>\n\n<p>But it does not have to be this way at all. In many contexts, I am observing the opposite: AI can restore motivation. When it is used to enrich one\u2019s perspective, generate ideas, or challenge one\u2019s cognitive habits, it can become a tool for personal growth \u2013 helping us move a little closer to the best members of our reference community, or to those we admire within our work teams.  <\/p>\n\n<p>There is also a playful dimension that should not be underestimated. Many people tell me that \u201cchatting\u201d with AI stimulates creativity, curiosity, and even a sense of wonder. This is something Nass and Reeves had already anticipated in their book The Media Equation: if technologies behave in socially credible ways, we can establish engaging \u2013 even emotionally engaging \u2013 interactions with them. And today, with generative models, that theory has become part of everyday experience.   <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>You argue that there should be collaboration between AI and humans. Yet we see that generative AI is still designed primarily for individual use (modelled on productivity suites). Do you think there is a way to strengthen human-human collaboration as well, and not only human-machine interaction?  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>An interesting paradox is that generative AI, born to empower the individual, could become a powerful enabler of collaboration.<\/p>\n\n<p>Today we use these systems mainly in solitary ways, within personal productivity suites. But it does not have to remain that way. AI can help us better understand a colleague\u2019s position, synthesize perspectives within a team, facilitate coordination across different departments, or moderate and summarize a meeting \u2013 or what happens around a working table.  <\/p>\n\n<p>I believe one of the most fertile directions lies precisely here: using AI as a cognitive mediator, as a tool for negotiating meaning more effectively between human beings. After all, that is what any good translator, facilitator, or coach does: it helps people understand one another. And in my view, there is a largely unexplored potential in machines designed specifically for these functions.  <\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-logotel-blocks-notes-slider\"><div class=\"swiper note-slider\"><div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-logotel-blocks-note-item swiper-slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-content\"><h3>Learning at My Own Pace, Or Better Yet, at AI Pace<\/h3>\n<p><em>Logotel insight by Daniele Cerra \u2013 Partner Chief Innovation Officer<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Community is the most flexible and dynamic context for supporting the development of each professional\u2019s potential. From a learning perspective, our brains are especially receptive when what we are learning responds to an immediate, specific need. AI \u2013 through classic chatbots reshaped as coaches and tutors \u2013 makes content more accessible and offers personalised, hands-on interactions, tailored to context and capable of meeting the diverse needs and learning styles of individual members.  <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-logotel-blocks-note-item swiper-slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-content\"><h3>It Wasn\u2019t a Noticeboard. It Was a Dojo. And Inside It, Technology Learned to Speak with People  <\/h3>\n<p><em>Logotel insight by Matteo Ordanini \u2013 Senior Learning Designer<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We created a Dojo for Microsoft Copilot adoption: not a technology platform, but a digital space to train, exchange ideas, and reflect. Here, even those with fewer tech skills drew on the community\u2019s energy to develop agents able to measure the impact of DEI initiatives and reduce the hard costs of procurement. Others \u2013 professionals who tend to keep a low profile \u2013 surfaced to their managers\u2019 surprise as talents and innovators. The community was not a container. It was a living organism. And us? We brought content, sparked ideas, and watched the impact take shape. It wasn\u2019t just technology. It was transformation.        <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"swiper-actions\"><div class=\"swiper-navigation-button prev\" aria-label=\"Nota precedente\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M19 11H7.82998L12.71 6.11997C13.1 5.72997 13.1 5.08997 12.71 4.69997C12.32 4.30997 11.69 4.30997 11.3 4.69997L4.70998 11.29C4.31998 11.68 4.31998 12.31 4.70998 12.7L11.3 19.29C11.69 19.68 12.32 19.68 12.71 19.29C13.1 18.9 13.1 18.27 12.71 17.88L7.82998 13H19C19.55 13 20 12.55 20 12C20 11.45 19.55 11 19 11Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-navigation-button next\" aria-label=\"Nota successiva\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M5 13H16.17L11.29 17.88C10.9 18.27 10.9 18.91 11.29 19.3C11.68 19.69 12.31 19.69 12.7 19.3L19.29 12.71C19.68 12.32 19.68 11.69 19.29 11.3L12.71 4.69997C12.32 4.30997 11.69 4.30997 11.3 4.69997C10.91 5.08997 10.91 5.71997 11.3 6.10997L16.17 11H5C4.45 11 4 11.45 4 12C4 12.55 4.45 13 5 13Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<p><strong>The introduction of generative AI into organizations also depends greatly on leadership \u2013 on the people who make and share decisions. From this perspective, what changes would you like to see in leadership practice? <\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>Because we believe it is important to dismantle a growing phenomenon: the so-called \u201csecret gardens of AI,\u201d spaces without governance where employees use generative AI in the absence of clear organizational policies.<\/p>\n\n<p>The phrase \u201csecret gardens\u201d is very evocative: it reminds me of the expression Ethan Mollick uses for a very similar phenomenon, the \u201csilent cyborg\u201d \u2013 the cyborg who hides and does not like to reveal itself. Introducing AI in companies is primarily a matter of governance, not just technological adoption, and governance takes shape through the different ways leadership is exercised \u2013 namely, the strategies that each manager, executive, or leader deploys to guide and manage. <\/p>\n\n<p>Today we see a curious but worrying phenomenon, especially given the associated compliance and cybersecurity risks: many professionals use AI every day, but they do so \u201cin secret,\u201d outside official policies. These \u201csecret gardens\u201d are a symptom of a lack of trust \u2013 or of a lack of safe spaces where experimentation is possible and, indeed, valued and encouraged. <\/p>\n\n<p>What is needed is leadership capable of recognizing that AI use is already taking place, and that it cannot be controlled only through bans or more-or-less rigid guidelines. It is necessary to build culture, provide tools, and accept that experimentation \u2013 when shared \u2013 is also an opportunity for organizational learning. <\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p>A generative form of leadership should encourage transparency, dialogue, and the thoughtful use of AI as a lever for collaboration, not only for individual efficiency.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza-1024x448.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza-1024x448.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza-300x131.png 300w, https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza-768x336.png 768w, https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza.png 1335w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p>This issue of Weconomy also explores the need to cultivate optimism. What makes you optimistic about where generative AI is heading?<\/p>\n\n<p>I deeply believe that we need an \u201curgent optimism,\u201d as the theme of this issue of Weconomy puts it. Not na\u00efve optimism, but lucid and informed, critical and reflective as well. <\/p>\n\n<p>This stance can be grounded in a simple observation: generative AI forces us to rethink what it means to be intelligent, creative, and competent. And that is a major opportunity. <\/p>\n\n<p>We are discovering \u2013 or rather rediscovering \u2013 the value of judgment, explanation, and responsibility. But also the beauty of incompleteness, ambiguity, and the negotiation among different points of view. <\/p>\n\n<p>If we succeed in designing AI not only to \u201cdo better,\u201d but to think better together, then perhaps we will be able to say that this technology has not replaced us, but transformed us \u2013 and has brought us back into relationship with one another. <\/p>\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With generative AI, the relationship shifts: from tool to interlocutor. Five interaction protocols \u2013 exploratory, verificatory, delegative, interrogative, and dialogic \u2013 help make practices and responsibilities explicit. In organizations, this calls for transparency, a shared culture, and generative leadership.   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":18623,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1509],"tags":[1513],"authors":[1514],"class_list":["post-18620","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-xxl-expectations-percorsi-di-valore-in-un-mondo-frammentato","tag-future-of-work","authors-federico-cabitza"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Interacting with AI to (Re)Discover the Value of Incompleteness - Weconomy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/en\/interacting-with-ai-to-rediscover-the-value-of-incompleteness\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Interacting with AI to (Re)Discover the Value of Incompleteness - Weconomy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"With generative AI, the relationship shifts: from tool to interlocutor. Five interaction protocols \u2013 exploratory, verificatory, delegative, interrogative, and dialogic \u2013 help make practices and responsibilities explicit. In organizations, this calls for transparency, a shared culture, and generative leadership.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/en\/interacting-with-ai-to-rediscover-the-value-of-incompleteness\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Weconomy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-01-08T16:22:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-06T10:46:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/2_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1335\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"584\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Alice Paracolli\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Alice Paracolli\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/en\/interacting-with-ai-to-rediscover-the-value-of-incompleteness\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/en\/interacting-with-ai-to-rediscover-the-value-of-incompleteness\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Alice Paracolli\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/#\/schema\/person\/0a1ae6c1ea5e1a5b9abfeaff92840852\"},\"headline\":\"Interacting with AI to (Re)Discover the Value of Incompleteness\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-08T16:22:29+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-06T10:46:53+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/en\/interacting-with-ai-to-rediscover-the-value-of-incompleteness\/\"},\"wordCount\":1882,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/en\/interacting-with-ai-to-rediscover-the-value-of-incompleteness\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.weconomy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/2_INTELLIGENCE-Cabitza.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Future of work\"],\"articleSection\":[\"XXL Expectations. 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